Wry Neck in Rabbits: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Wry neck, scientifically known as torticollis, is a condition that causes a rabbit’s head to tilt to one side. It can significantly affect a rabbit’s balance, coordination, and overall quality of life. While the sight of a rabbit with a twisted neck can be alarming, prompt veterinary care can improve outcomes. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of wry neck in rabbits.

Causes of Wry Neck in Rabbits

Several underlying conditions can lead to wry neck, including:

1. Ear Infections (Otitis Media and Interna)

Bacterial infections of the middle or inner ear can interfere with balance, leading to a head tilt.
Common bacteria include Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas.

2. Parasitic Infections – Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi)

E. cuniculi is a microscopic protozoan parasite that can infect a rabbit’s brain and nervous system, causing neurological symptoms such as head tilt, seizures, and loss of coordination.

3. Head Trauma

A rabbit may develop wry neck after falling, head injuries, or improper handling that causes damage to the brain or inner ear.

4. Vestibular Disease

Any condition affecting the vestibular system, responsible for balance, can lead to wry neck.

5. Tumors or Abscesses

Growths inside the brain or ear may compress nerves and lead to head tilting.

6. Toxicity

Exposure to certain toxins, such as lead or pesticides, may cause neurological damage and a tilted head.

Symptoms of Wry Neck

Rabbits with wry neck may exhibit the following signs:

Head Tilt (ranging from mild to severe)
Loss of balance and difficulty standing or walking
Rapid eye movement (nystagmus)
Inability to coordinate limb movement
Circling or rolling
Lethargy and reduced appetite

If left untreated, wry neck can worsen, affecting a rabbit’s ability to eat, drink, or move properly.

Diagnosis

A veterinarian will conduct several tests to determine the cause of wry neck:

Physical Examination – Inspecting ears for infections or abnormalities.
Blood Tests – Checking for E. cuniculi antibodies or systemic infections.
X-rays or CT Scans – Identifying inner ear infections, tumors, or fractures.
Microbial Cultures – Testing for bacteria from ear swabs.

Treatment Options

The treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

1. Antibiotics

If the wry neck is due to bacterial infections, a veterinarian may prescribe enrofloxacin or amoxicillin.
Ear cleaning may be necessary in severe cases.

2. Anti-Parasitic Medication

If E. cuniculi is suspected, treatment may include fenbendazole (Panacur) for 28 days.

3. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Meloxicam or other anti-inflammatory medications may reduce swelling and discomfort.

4. Supportive Care

Feeding assistance for rabbits struggling to eat.
Physical therapy or exercises to help with balance.
Keeping the rabbit in a safe, padded area to prevent injuries from rolling.

Prevention Tips

While not all cases of wry neck can be prevented, the following measures can reduce the risk:

Routine Veterinary Checkups – Early detection of ear infections or parasites can prevent serious complications.
Maintaining Clean Living Conditions – A sanitary environment lowers the risk of infections.
Parasite Control – Regular testing for E. cuniculi, especially in multi-rabbit households.
Safe Handling and Housing – Prevent head injuries by ensuring cages and play areas are secure.

Conclusion

Wry neck in rabbits is a distressing condition but can often be treated successfully with early veterinary intervention. If you suspect your rabbit is showing signs of head tilt, seeking medical attention immediately increases the likelihood of a full recovery. By maintaining proper hygiene, regular checkups, and a safe environment, rabbit owners can minimize the risks associated with this condition.